Note 8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets 

The Company has recognized goodwill and certain intangible assets in connection with prior business combinations. During the second quarter of fiscal 2020, the Company identified a triggering event resulting from a sustained decline in its stock price and deterioration in general economic conditions resulting from COVID-19. As a result, the Company, with the assistance of a third party valuation specialist, performed an interim impairment test on its indefinite-lived trade name intangible assets and goodwill as of April 30, 2020.

The valuation methodology used to value the trade-names was based on the relief-from-royalty method which is an income based measure that derives the value from total revenue growth projected and what percentage is attributable to the trade name. As a result of the analysis, the Company identified that the fair value of its Brundage-Bone Concrete Pumping trade name was approximately 11.8% below its carrying value and as such, recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $5.0 million in intangibles impairment in its consolidated statements of operations for the year ended October 31, 2020. The impaired trade name has a remaining value of $37.3 million as of October 31, 2021. In addition, the Company concluded that the fair values of its Eco-Pan and Capital Pumping trade names exceeded their carrying values by approximately 7.8% and 109.1%, respectively, and their remaining values are $7.7 million and $5.5 million as of October 31, 2021, respectively.

The goodwill impairment test was performed on the Company’s U.S. Concrete Pumping, U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services, and U.K. Operations reporting units. The valuation methodologies used to value the reporting units included the discounted cash flow method (income approach) and the guideline public company method (market approach). As a result of the goodwill impairment analysis, the Company identified that the fair values of its U.S. Concrete Pumping and U.K. Operations reporting units were approximately 6.9% and 14.8% below their carrying values, respectively. As such, the Company recorded non-cash impairment charges of $38.5 million and $14.4 million to its U.S. Concrete Pumping and U.K. Operations reporting units, respectively, in its consolidated statements of operations for the year ended October 31, 2020. In addition, the Company concluded that the fair value of its U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by approximately 4.5% and, as such, no impairment charge was recorded.

The factors leading to the impairment of the Company's goodwill and intangibles were primarily due to (1) lower anticipated future net revenues and earnings in its estimate of future cash flows resulting from COVID-19 and (2) a higher discount rate applied to future cash flows as a result of uncertainties of the overall economic impact from COVID-19. There is inherent uncertainty associated with key assumptions used by the Company in its impairment analyses including the duration of the economic downturn associated with COVID-19 and the recovery period.

A qualitative impairment assessment was done on the annual assessment date and no impairment was identified through fiscal 2021. The Company will continue to evaluate its goodwill and intangible assets in future quarters. Additional impairments may be recorded based on events and circumstances, including those related to COVID-19 discussed in Note 1.

The following table summarizes the composition of intangible assets at October 31, 2021 and at October 31, 2020:

Amortization expense for the year ended  October 31, 2021 was $27.1 million. Amortization expense for the year ended  October 31, 2020 was $33.4 million. The estimated aggregate amortization expense for intangible assets over the next five fiscal years ending October 31 and thereafter is as follows:

The changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reportable segment for the twelve-month period ended October 31, 2021 are as follows:

* Represents cumulative goodwill adjustment